五、 英才教育的展望:五大理論原則
從更加廣闊的角度,我(Dai, 2010)基于發展心理學的最新成果和思路,提出了英才教育的五大理論原則,即:(a)人才的生成性、發展性,即不應該把能力看成是個體與生俱來的常數,應該把人才看成是基因、神經活動、行為和環境多水平雙向互動的產物,并不斷在發生新的變化。Www.Pinwenba.Com 吧教育在人才的脫穎而出中起著重要作用。(b)人才特質的不斷具體化,即人對外部世界的反應模式、策略、思考,對自己的才能、價值、趨向,會有越來越精細化的把握,如先前所說的“獨特適應性”,這種具體趨向整合了環境和個人因素,是無法還原到個人本身特定資質的。英才教育的辨識和課程因材施教的本質應該根據學生在某一發展時刻體現的“獨特適應性”確定人才培養的方向。(c)人的能動作用,人的潛能并不完全體現在客觀意義上的發展潛力,而且存在于人的行動本身。所以我根據Renzulli的三環理論,進一步把環境的因素和能動的因素結合起來,用圖1中的圖標演示這種動態過程。
從人的能動性的意義上說,教育不僅僅是發現和利用人的潛能,而且是在根本上開發人的潛能。(d)參與,即參與人類的各種社會實踐活動,包括對知識、藝術、社會的探索,是實現人的潛能的必然途徑。只有通過參與,才能喚起學生追求卓越的夢想和激情。其中互相激勵、互相促進,是一個不斷自我提高、自我超越的重要社會機制。英才教育應該更加重視如何提供真實的實踐經驗,激發個人激情,提高個人責任感。(e)同等結果(equifinality),即相同的結果可以有不同的開端和過程。英才教育應該秉持追求卓越的理念,而不是強調人的“天然稟賦”作為提供英才教育的理由。“天然稟賦”固然可以作為“準入”的門檻標準,但有沒有追求卓越的動力和意愿,也應該成為重要的考量標準。歷史地看,我們在如何認定某人是否值得貼上“超常兒童”或“資優兒童”標簽方面浪費了太多的資源和時間。相比之下,卓越的標準是更容易確定的,更容易觀察和評估的。當然,我們應該鼓勵個體追求他們自己的卓越目標,而不必強加教育者自己的意愿。
結 束 語
英才教育理念在美國有近百年的歷史,這一方面和心理學、教育學、社會學的發展有關,另一方面,也與美國社會從培養精英的教育理念轉向惠及全民的大眾教育理念有著密切關系。任何可能引起人們懷疑其公平性和公正性的公共政策,都會引起爭議。出于政治和倫理的考慮,在美國,英才教育受到許多質疑。上面所說的“人才培養”和“適才教育”在一定程度上是對教育公平和教育公正的回應,使各種人才不至于因為教育政策的失當而被埋沒。但是,平權的理念,也導致某些人倡導教育的民粹主義,即所有人都有天賦,所以不需要選拔人才,不需要英才教育。這個觀點貌似“政治正確”,但混淆了政治概念和生物學概念。政治上,每個人都被賦予受教育的權利。但是,機會的平等不代表結果的平等。教育公平的最大誤區是教育公平等于相同的教育;人與人的個體差異意味著不同的機會、不同的需求、不同的結果。只有差異化發展才可能達到最大化的個人結果。對于英才教育來說,不能回避的兩個方面是選擇性和追求卓越(Dai, 2010)。前者意味著英才教育和普通教育相比會有“準入門檻”,后者意味著英才教育會超越常規課程的標準。甄選實踐中可能存在的不公平、不合理值得探討、研究和改進,但選擇性本身不應該成為“精英主義”批評的理由。選擇的根本目的,不是為了確定某些學生多么與眾不同,而是為了保證這些學生有能力、有動力追求比其他學生更高的卓越標準。卓越標準不應該被忽視。美國英才教育傳統上重視辨識“資優兒童”,而對卓越性追求缺乏有效證據也是英才教育被詬病的原因之一(如Berliner & Biddle, 1995)。但這種批評也隱藏著巨大的危險。美國教育的傾向是避免選擇優秀的學生進行重點培養,其結果不僅是回避選擇性(選拔英才),而且是放棄對卓越的倡導(Ross, 1993)。這種聽任人才自生自滅的教育政策是有害的,不利于最大限度地利用教育資源,多出人才。在英才教育問題上的過度政治化的必然結果就是教育制度在培養人才上的不作為。這是中國教育政策制定者,乃至當政者,需要引以為戒的。
另一方面,人才培養的多元化、社會化,標志著英才教育的新趨勢。政府和民間力量的協力,學校和社會力量的良好互動,追求卓越和多種人才發展的價值認同正在形成。機會和選擇的多樣性、激勵和選拔機制的針對性、社會價值的多元化,將成為英才教育今后發展的大勢。這既是學校體制改革的方向,也是整合社會資源(技術資源、網絡資源、大學資源)多方位地探索開放靈活的培養模式。英才教育無邊界。說到底,英才教育體現的,是一個社會在教育體制、社會體制以及文化上所呈現的活力和價值觀。
注:本文部分內容取自拙著《超常能力的本質和培養》(The Nature and Nurture of Giftedness,哥倫比亞大學師范學院出版社,2010年版)一書,中譯本將由華東師范大學出版社2013年4月出版。
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